One of the most important parameters in assessing the satisfaction of passengers in a Bus system is Bus Frequency or Bus headway. In this study، Optimization of the public transportation system’ s Frequency has been investigated، which aims to determine time interval between the next Buses for a set of public transport lines determined by their travel plans. Origin-destination demand and restrictions on existing Bus fleets should be considered by results. In this way، a model (MILP) was proposed for a pre-existing model which originally formulated as a non-linear two-level formula. The proposed formulation is capable of solving the real optimality of small scale problems using the MILP technique. In order to solve large scale، a metaheuristic method has been proposed that its accuracy is estimated by comparing exact results. Both an exact and approximate approach have been tested using existing cases، thus، the public transportation system of Qazvin has been used as case study. Although its public transport system has 22 lines، an improvement of about 6% was achieved using this model. This shows that، even in small cases، there are improvements in system efficiency. Since the general improvement of Qazvin Bus system was not possible after a considerable amount of runtime، an alternative solution approach was proposed in this study. Therefore، a tabu search method has been proposed، which results in a competitive comparison with the exact model.

Introduction: Usually osseointegration takes between three to six months after implant placement but patients are interested to have early loading. There are no definitive criteria for measuring bone mineral density (BMD), insertion torque (IT) (final torque force) and resonance Frequency analysis (RFA) (primary implant stability) to determine exact loading time based on the relationship between the above-mentioned parameters. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between IT, RFA and BMD in screw-type implants.Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 18 patients who were candidates for ITI implant placement. Written consent was taken and jaw bone density was determined via a digital radiography technique before surgery. After implant placement, RFA and IT were measured. Fifty-five ITI implants of the total 62 implants placed were evaluated; the implants were 12 mm long with a diameter of 4.1 mm. Data was analyzed with Pearson’s test using SPSS.15 software (a=0.05).Results: There was a significant relationship between IT, RFA and BMD. Pearson’s test showed a correlation coefficient of 0.872 to 0.789 between the three parameters, indicating a strong relationship between them. The mean bone density was 1.468±0.042 g/cm2; the mean RFA was 66.01±2.2 ISQ and the mean IT was 34.62±3.33 N/cm2.Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study there is a significant relationship between, IT, RFA and BMD (p value=0.001).

A choice to enhance public transportation service considers use of BRT lines. In this paper, a method for optimizing routes within an integrated transit network including BRT lines has been developed. A transit network Optimization, including route structure and fleet Optimization, can be based on minimizing vehicle transfers and total user cost while maximizing service coverage. The inputs of the problem are transit demand, transit fleet size and the street network in the area under study. Other information like BRT fleet size and number of BRT line shave been used to complete the study. As the first step in planning an integrated transit network, an estimate of the reduction in total travel time is needed. An Optimization problem that uses Simulated Annealing and Fast Descent to optimize route structure and headway of transit network is considered.  As a result, by solving an integrated transit network with one BRT line, user’s total travel time is reduced by 1.27, 1.54 and 1.43 percent for each case when BRT route time is reduced for 20%. BRT fleet change and using higher fleet capacity for BRT line reduced user travel time by 1.87, 1.80 and 1.81 percent in comparison to the transit network with BRT and the same Bus and BRT fleet capacity.

In this paper, recommended spiral passive micromixer was designed and simulated. spiral design has the potential to create and strengthen the centrifugal force and the secondary flow. A series of simulations were carried out to evaluate the effects of channel width, channel depth, the gap between loops, and flowrate on the micromixer performance. These features impact the contact area of the two fluids and ultimately lead to an increment in the quality of the mixture. In this study, for the flow rate of 25 μl/min and molecular diffusion coefficient of 1×10-10 m2/s, mixing efficiency of more than 90% is achieved after 30 (approximately one-third of the total channel length). Finally, the optimized design fabricated using proposed 3D printing method.

Application of the network equivalent concept for external system representation for power system transient analysis is well known. However, the challenge to utilize an equivalent network, approximated by a rational function, is to guarantee the passivity of the corresponding model. In this regard, special techniques are required to enforce the passivity of the equivalent model through a post processing approach that minimizes its impact on the original model characteristics. In this paper, the passivity is enforced by expressing the problem in terms of a convex Optimization problem that guarantees the global optimal solution. The convex Optimization problem is efficiently solved by recently developed numerical interior–point methods. This passivity enforcement is also global which indicates that the passivity enforcement in one region does not lead to passivity violation in other regions.

The design of standard Bus stations is one of the most important issues that increase Bus performance at the stations, reduce the take-off time and take passengers, and less negatively influence the traffic on other vehicles. In this research, we tried to find suitable locations for establishing subway station candidates in the city of Tehran 6 with GIS functions and ANP network analysis decision making. Using genetic algorithm and target functions, we aimed to optimize the candidate stations. In order to increase the accuracy of the research, the study area was divided into two areas of strong and weak concentration of service centers and commercial centers. the results showed that according to the network length and station spacing standards, area 6 requires 306 to 208 stations. Of the 291 stations, 247 stations, and 212 existing stations, 147 stations were optimized they can maximize demand coverage for demographic centers and absorbent centers.

Safety of urban highways is one of the most important issues in traffic management of big cities، which is typically influenced by several factors including implementing specific lanes and stations of public transit. This study evaluates the safety effects of implementing a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) lane on Frequency of crashes in urban highways. In this study، 14 treatment sites were selected for a before-after study and 40 reference sites in terms of geometric and traffic similarities were selected for development of Safety Performance Functions (SPFs). Crash data for three years before and three years after implementing the BRT lane were used to evaluate the effectiveness by the means of Empirical Bayesian (EB) method. Only mid-block crashes were involved in the analysis. The Crash Modification Factor (CMF) was estimated 0. 87 at a 95% confidence interval that reduces the total number of crashes By 12. 58%. The Empirical Bayesian (EB) method because of eliminating the Regression-To-Mean (RTM) effect can precisely estimate the number of crashes and effective factors in reducing them. The EB method estimated the expected Frequency of crashes using both predicted and observed frequencies. The range of crash reduction varied between 1. 25 to 65. 6 percent.

In this paper shape and size Optimization of truss structures subjected to Frequency constraints is addressed utilizing a newly developed multi-agent meta-heuristic algorithm called Tug of War Optimization (TWO). The algorithm considers each candidate solution as a team participating in a series of rope pulling competitions. Frequency constraint structural Optimization corresponds to highly non-linear, discontinuous, and non-convex search spaces including several local optima. Such problems call for properly balanced competent Optimization algorithms. Here, viability of TWO is demonstrated using four numerical examples.

The raw data obtained in the form of search results may be large for any particular problem, but is often a relatively small subset of the data that are relevant, and a search engine does not enable discovering the necessary subset of relevant text data in a large text collection. In this paper, a solution to a problem called conformity to truth, which studies how to find websites with the maximum amount of true facts, from a large amount of conflicting information on the user-defined topic, is proposed. Two algorithms called ParaSearch and FactFinder, which helps in identifying the best web links for searching general information and finding individual facts respectively are proposed. In ParaSearch, latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) is used to identify the top 10 frequent terms using which we further construct a similarity matrix to identify the best web pages. In FactFinder, the usage of semantic processing is done to identify the best web pages, building upon the existing Page Rank Algorithm to further optimize the search results. The results prove that ParaSearch can identify web pages with the maximum number of facts conforming to the truth much better than popular search engines. The ambiguity of the individual facts is decreased to a great extent by using the FactFinder algorithm. Thus these algorithms will increase the accuracy of identifying possible web links for a given search word much better than most of the popular search engines.

Bus transportation system is one of the most important systems in urban areas. Increasing user’s satisfaction and optimal usage of existent facilities without planning is impossible. Dwell time in Bus stops is one of the parameters that affect the quality of plans in this system. By identifying the factors that affect on dwell time and forecasting this parameter, we can develop proper strategies to reduce dwell time and increase both in vehicle and waited passenger’s satisfaction.  In this paper, Tehran Bus transportation system was studied and factors that can affect dwell time parameters were identified and alternatively some data about dwell time in this system were collected. The regression analysis to estimate the effects of some these factors such as number of alighted and boarded passengers in stops on dwell time parameter was used. Based on the collected data, the ability of some functions in previous studies was evaluated to forecast dwell time parameters and a new nonlinear function to forecast it was developed. By microscopic analyzing of stop process, a new discrete event simulation model based on Enterprise Dynamics software was designed. This model was used to evaluate the strategies that can improve dwell time and estimate the effects of other factors that were not found in the collected data in this case study. The results show the dwell time of Buses in stops can be reduced about 23 percent by changing in payment fare system to electronic payment system. Also the authors found out that the place of stops in this system has not any effect on dwell time parameter or gender of passengers is not important to estimate duration of stopping in stations.